Objective: Today some of the problems and difficulties in developing countries are related to the manner of their internal migrations. Each year millions of the rural population in the developing countries decided to migrate to the urban areas of these countries and this phenomenon has had negative consequences in the cities. In fact the migration that itself is created by many factors is a reason that helps to more imbalances in social, economic and political problems of a country. One of the results for rapid urbanization in Iran is increased migration to the urban centers and the crisis of villages escaping. This problem has many various social and economic difficulties such as crisis of land and housing, shortage of employment, and formation of slums in the cities which attract migrants.Method: The required information has been gathered from the detailed results of censuses for the populations and housing during 1986-2006. At first, the growth rate for the cities population has been calculated during 1986-1996 and 1996-2006 periods and then through calculating population of each city in the beginning and at the end of each decade.Findings: Increased ratio of immigration in Iranian cities during the two recent decades was found. During 1996-2006, 873 cities in Iran had seen immigration and 118 cities were exposed to emigration, from which 16 cities are regarded as small towns. The percent of immigration in Iranian cities increased from 70.91% during 1986-1996 to 86.27% during 1996-2006. During the two decades under study, the procedure of emigration has been reduced in all the cities and also the number of the cities which send the migrants has reduced and the ratio of the cities that attract migrants has increased considerably. Increasing the percent of small towns which attract the migrants during 1996-2006 indicates the inclination to urbanization, increasing the number of small towns in the country urban hierarchy and formation of crisis for escaping from villages.Conclusion: During the two decade of our study, the cities of Talkhuncheh, Kharaju, Kumele, Rine, Asgaran, Jupar, Jirande, Nafaj, Joshghan_O_Kamo, Nokhandan and Dehaghonbeh had no migration, 171 cities had intensive immigration, 702 cities had weak immigration, 16 cities had intensive emigration and 112 cities had weak emigration. The phenomenon of emigration is particularly observed during 1986-1996 in small towns and small cities. During the two decades under study, the cities of Mohamaddieh in Tehran province and Masjed Soleiamn (a medium city) in Khuzestan province had maintained the procedure of their emigration. This problem expresses the continuance of emigration in those cities. During 1996-2006, the secondary cities and large cities in the country had more immigration due to the existence of the employment and abundant facilities and services compared to the last decade.During 1996-2006, immigration was increased in large cities. The highest level of immigration in large cities is related to Karaj, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. These cities have made difficult easy access to the facilities and services for the suburbs due to attraction of social and economic services and caused imbalance in access for optimum distribution of the facilities. In other word, they have created a kind of imbalance in the national level and they have caused to attract the migrants toward themselves. Tehran with concentrating the economic, social and political facilities and other services as well as being influenced by international economic and technological changes can dedicate the most ratios of migrants to itself at the country.

During the last few decades, the East Azarbayejan has been facing with population immigration due to social, political, economic, and especially geographical factors. In the past fifty years more than 1, 800, 000 of the people in Azarbayejan have emigrated to other provinces. As a result, the immigration rate has gone up from 101, 000 persons in 1345 to 153, 000 persons in 1385. Therefore, this province is ranked first in our country as far as immigration rate is concerned.The purpose of the present study is to analyze the immigration status in the East Azarbayejan province and to determine various economic, social, political, and geographical causes which affect the immigration of people from East Azarbayejan province. The method used in the study is a descriptive one and the authentic statistical sources have been introduced in case the reader needs to verify the authenticity of the data.The results show that large rural population, low income from agricultural activities, reduced productivity, rainfed lands, intensified droughts of the past, weak industrial foundation and services in urban centers, and lack of employment opportunities in rural areas have been all effective in the immigration of people from this area.

Background: Although the upstream documents emphasize the retention and attraction of talents and scientific authority, the immigration rate of talents and healthcare professionals has been rising in recent years, and the country's growth in line with scientific authority has not been favorable. To achieve scientific authority and talent management, China has implemented various programs that will be analyzed in this research as a successful model. Methods: The data collection of this study was done based on the review and selection of domestic and international articles, books, news, and documents. In addition, internal and external databases were also used to extract the required data. Finally, data analysis was done using the content analysis method. Results: The Chinese government has greatly increased the return of talent to China by implementing several successful programs and providing the necessary infrastructure and budgets by keeping a high level of sending students abroad. The first program was aimed at internal empowerment by implementing three projects, and the second program was in the direction of cultivating, maintaining, and attracting talents in the form of nine main programs. Conclusion: Considering the insufficient efficiency of the programs implemented inside the country and the acceleration of the migration of talents and specialists, and in line with the movement towards scientific authority, actions such as improving the quality of the country's higher education system, improving the level of international scientific collaboration, and revising upstream documents related to the affairs of talents and the establishment of a capable structure in the management and coordination of programs implementation are suggested

Background and Purpose: Improper distribution of health workers is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries. The shortage of health personnel has been intensified over the past two decades as a result of the emigration of health workers from developing countries to developed ones and disparities between urban and rural regions. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study was conducted at the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Health Studies, for two months. The study included 203 3rd-year and 4th-year undergraduate students of all study programs. The chi-square test was used to examine the difference between students’,attitudes about leaving according to gender, grade point, foreign language learning, and high school graduation, as well as different statements of intention to leave or stay. Results: Of 203 respondents, 49(24. 1%) were male and 154(75. 9%) were female. Thirtyfour students (16. 75%) stated their attitude towards the definitive departure. Also, 129 students (63. 55%) were thinking about leaving after graduation, while 40 students (19. 7%) wanted to continue their life in Bosnia and Herzegovina after their studies. Almost half of the female students (49. 26%) and slightly more than half of the male students (14. 28%) think about leaving after their studies, with a statistically significant difference between men and women who think about leaving and those who stay. The positive attitudes, which the students who are leaving, for the most part, agreed upon were the acquisition of life experience that their occupation profile was sought in other countries, and career development and professional development. The reasons why most students consider leaving the country after their studies are due to the attitude that their education and degree are more valued in other countries, higher living standards in other fields, and career development and professional development. Conclusion: To prevent the migration of health students, retention policies are needed that target immigrant staff. These policies can be extremely important in preventing the problem of a lack of quality health staff in the near future.

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges for health policymakers is the phenomena of emigration of health graduates. The aim of this manuscript is to assess and analyze factors that influence retaining and maintaining health elites in Iran. Since this issue is complicated and multidimensional, and as it has happened gradually, It is simplistic to think that the problem can be resolved by providing a simple, quick and effective solution. However, it is possible to take measures to solve the problem. Accordingly, in this article, we have presented the existing challenges for faculty members and health elites staying in Iran, and subsequently, the existing strategies to maintain this group in the country.

Background: Brain drain is a phenomenon that has become more widespread in recent decades. This issue is gradually becoming a crisis in Iran. Considering the importance of maintaining the elites in the country, this study endeavors to offer solutions to manage this crisis. Methods: In this qualitative study, the opinions of experts on the issue of brain darin were received and analyzed using a crowdsourcing system. Coding method, content analysis and Maxqda10. 2 qualitative data analysis software were used to analyse data. Results: Key results were classified into three main categories: causes of brain drain, its consequences and management strategies. Data analysis lead to extraction of three main categories including: 1) causes of elite migration with two subcategories of repulsive factors of origin and gravity of destination countries,2) consequences of elite migration with 2 subcategories of elite migration threats and elite migration opportunities,and 3) elite migration strategies with six subcategories of accurate problem recognition, reforming the nurturing system and supporting the elites, establishing and strengthening the system of innovation, reforming the administrative system and meritocracy, promoting the status and dignity of human resources, fulfilment of the obligationof macro-policymakers. Conclusion: Elites tend to migrate due to repulsion of the country of origin and multiplicity ofattractions in the destination country. Policymakers in various fields are expected to develop clear programs and laws to manage and eliminate retention of elites and strengthen attractions to prevent the brain drain.

Introduction: Relative to socially privileged groups, socially marginalized people experience weaker health effects of household income and other economic resources, a pattern known as Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs). These MDRs are frequently seen in racial and ethnic minorities, but less is known about the relevance of such MDRs in immigrant families. To investigate the MDRs of household income on children’ s depression as a function of immigration, we compared non-immigrant and immigrant children for the effect of household income on children’ s depressive symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted across multiple cities in the United States. Baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study collected in 2018 was used. A total of 6, 412 children between the ages of 9-10 years old were included. The predictor variable was household income. The primary outcome was children’ s depression measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Race, ethnicity, age, sex, parental marital status, parental employment, and financial difficulties were the covariates. Immigration status was the effect modifier. Results: Overall, high household income was associated with lower children’ s depressive symptoms. Immigration status showed a statistically significant interaction with household income on children’ s depression. This interaction term suggested that high household income has a smaller protective effect against depression for immigrant children than non-immigrant children. Conclusion: The protective effect of household income against children’ s depression is diminished for immigrant than non-immigrant children.

Marxist coup-detat (1357/1998) in Afghanistan is the origin of the literary changes in this country within the last decades. The coup-detat ,which accompanied by severe public resistance , the entering of the (late Soviet Union) Red-army and the emergence of war in the Afghanistan paved the way for the emigration of the Afghan people, writers and poets to the other foreign countries especially to the neighboring countries. Due to the very close cultural linguistic and religious proximity between the two nations, Iran hosted a large groups of Afghan emigrant poets who gradually founded and developed the Afghanistan emigration poetry in Iran. Considering the content of these poems, Afghanistan emigration poetry has greatly been affected by the Iranian poets, revolutionary poetry of the Holy Defense, and the (Imposed - war) resistance poetry. mAfghanistan emigration also consists of interesting features in terms of both from and aesthetic aspects.The present paper attempts to investigate and analyse these features as well as its form and content changes within the last decades in Iran.

The ever - going and additive expansion of science and communication in the cu"ent age, the necessityfor countries to make mutual relationships,and the significance of transferringhuman heritage from one nation to another have increasingly highlighted the importance of the process of translation. Cu"ently, there is common agreementon the concept of translation as a "technical Skill" whose principles and norms should be compiled and taught to the audience. Considering the ancient ties between the Arabic and Persian languages as well as the close links between the Arab world and the Iranian, the urgency to translatefrom Arabic to Persianor vice versa is quite noticeable. Since one of the most important and troublesome steps in translation, which has attracted a lot of attention among translators, if .finding equivalents, accordingly, here, attempts are made to provide practical guidelines for translation of Arabic terms into persian. Among these guidlines, there exist the effort to find the relationhips between literal meaning and idiomatic meaning, concretemeanbJgand figurative meaning, the idiomatic meanbzgand actual meaning of terms on the hand and paying attention to the context of sentence and situational parameters on the other hand.